{"id":27,"date":"2017-11-29T17:34:10","date_gmt":"2017-11-29T22:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/?p=27"},"modified":"2021-04-29T21:11:22","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T01:11:22","slug":"narahji-noun-classes-insults","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2017\/11\/29\/narahji-noun-classes-insults\/","title":{"rendered":"Insults in Narahji: The Noun Class Edition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>(A partial repost from Tumblr with some new content.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Narahji spoken in\u00a0<em>Epiphany<\/em> is not always internally consistent because it&#8217;s the Narahji of a changing time. Salus is navigating a complex world of formal, standardized Narahji and informal Narahji. In 1865 Standard Count, the year\u00a0<em>Epiphany<\/em> takes place, language activists are working hard on a referendum that won&#8217;t make headway until the 1880s to recalibrate official Narahji based on outside-of-the-office usage.<\/p>\n<p>When I say \u201cNarahji,\u201d I also mean the Narahji that is taught in schools \u2014 this is a canyon region over a thousand kilometers across and several hundred kilometers top to bottom on a map, so there are a lot of small dialects and regional languages.<\/p>\n<p>Kati and Salus <a href=\"https:\/\/kayeboesme.com\/epiphany\/2017\/11\/23\/entry-39-25-porakol-1865\/\">have an exchange in Entry 39<\/a>\u00a0in which Salus is offended by Kati&#8217;s use of slang for the word\u00a0<em>family<\/em>. In pre-reform Narahji, the word is\u00a0<em>ku bvyad\u00f6<\/em>, a noun in the animate class. It will become\u00a0<em>ku pho<\/em>, the slang term Salus dislikes, once reform takes hold. Ler distaste for the slang term mirrors common discomfort among speakers who feel ownership of a language when that language changes. Like many speakers, Salus is complicated \u2014 le also picks and chooses which linguistic innovations le&#8217;s comfortable using in writing.<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of whether one uses\u00a0<em>ku bvyad\u00f6<\/em> or\u00a0<em>ku pho<\/em>, I&#8217;d like to talk about the noun class system, AKA the linguistic gender applied to nouns in Narahji. When I developed the disrespect system in Narahji, I had an exciting opportunity to apply something I found interesting in Aikhenvald&#8217;s\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/how-gender-shapes-the-world-9780198723752?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\">How Gender Shapes the World<\/a><\/em>. Outside of Indo-European languages, many will employ gender inversions when disparaging a noun or the thing the noun represents.<\/p>\n<p>This is the pronoun system for modern Narahji. The most important bits of it are the animate\/inanimate pronouns.<\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\n.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border-color:#ccc;<br \/>\n.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:#ccc;color:#333;background-color:#fff;<br \/>\n.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:#ccc;color:#333;background-color:#f0f0f0;<br \/>\n.tg .tg-yw4l{vertical-align:top<br \/>\n.tg .tg-nc8b{font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\", \"Book Antiqua\", Palatino, serif !important;;vertical-align:top<br \/>\n<\/style>\n<table class=\"tg\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"tg-yw4l\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"tg-yw4l\">Refl.\/Emph. Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"tg-yw4l\">Direct Object<\/th>\n<th class=\"tg-yw4l\">Indirect Object<\/th>\n<th class=\"tg-yw4l\">Possessive<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">1s<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-\u1ecbm<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">man-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">mur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">momu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">1pincl.<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-k\u1ecbb<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">k\u1ecbn-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">k\u1ecbr<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5sk\u1ecb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">1pexcl.<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-b\u0117<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">byan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">byur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5bhi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">2s<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-\u1ecbts<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">tsan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">tsur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5tsu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">2p<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-k\u0117<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">kyan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">kyur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5ku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3s<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-\u1ecbr<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">ran-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">rur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">moru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3sanim<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-kus<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">san-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">sur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">mosu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3sinanim<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-ron<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">nan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">rur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5rur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3p<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-f\u0117<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">fyan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">fyur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">mosfu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3panim<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-kyus<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">syan-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">syur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00e5syu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">3pinanim<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">-lyon<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00f1an-<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">\u00f1ur<\/td>\n<td class=\"tg-nc8b\">mo\u00f1u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that this is post-1880s Narahji \u2014 the slang possessive pronouns have been adopted into the official grammars taught in schools, whereas before there was a prefix,\u00a0<i>mos-<\/i>, that glommed onto the indirect object pronoun.<\/p>\n<p>Narahji, as part of the \u1ecagzarhjenya language family, divides the non-human world into\u00a0<b>animate<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>inanimate<\/b>\u00a0noun classes. All animals and plants take the animate class, as do things that are considered living things. Inanimate things will often be referred to using the inanimate class. Nouns that denote abstract ideas and concepts, such as families, mistakes, honor, &amp;c., have irregular noun classes that need to be memorized by nonnative speakers. The articles used are\u00a0<em>ku<\/em> (animate) and\u00a0<em>i<\/em> (inanimate).<\/p>\n<p>Native speakers may refer to things in the inanimate class with the animate class article when emphasizing the noun\u2019s importance. This usually only happens once in the sentence, after which the native speaker will revert to the accepted noun class.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, to say,\u00a0<i>A (goddamn) fire burned lim. It (emphatic) happened at the dock<\/i>, one might say,\u00a0<b>Rankun\u00e6la\u1ecbrru ku besun. I febiyxoho g\u00e5dz\u00e6la\u1ecbrruron.\u00a0<\/b>Fire,\u00a0<i>i besun<\/i>, is transformed into\u00a0<i>ku besun<\/i>. The speaker uses the correct pronoun suffix,\u00a0<i>-ron<\/i>, for inanimate nouns in the second sentence.<\/p>\n<p>The opposite might happen for nouns classed as animates. This is one way to code disrespect in Narahji.<\/p>\n<p><b>Ogekow\u00e6la\u1ecbrrab\u00e6n i pho \u00e5bhi.<\/b><i>\u00a0Our (shitty) family will not cooperate.<\/i>\u00a0A listener might respond,\u00a0<b>Ogekow\u00e6la\u1ecbrrab\u00e6ns\u00e6\u0308 ku pho aku?<\/b>\u00a0That is a yes\/no query that correctly uses\u00a0<i>ku pho<\/i>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(A partial repost from Tumblr with some new content.) The Narahji spoken in\u00a0Epiphany is not always internally consistent because it&#8217;s the Narahji of a changing time. Salus is navigating a complex world of formal, standardized Narahji and informal Narahji. In 1865 Standard Count, the year\u00a0Epiphany takes place, language activists are working hard on a referendum&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[5,6],"class_list":["post-27","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-conlangs","tag-narahji"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9qEhO-r","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":139,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2018\/03\/17\/the-final-paragraph-of-epiphany\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":0},"title":"The Final Paragraph of Epiphany","author":"kaye","date":"17 March 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"So, after 54 chapters and one cultural primer on the systems of gender in the country Tvesh\u0117, Epiphany: The Story of a Heartbeat is\u00a0done. And\u00a0Epiphany ended with a paragraph written in Narahji. Let's talk about it. Axopatomsa Er\u00e5sis glabdesu. Dof t\u00eb\u00e6mlaek mamgukofa mosjefenga. T\u2019eikniphaom\u00e6 kles\u00e6l\u1ecbru kul makra d\u00e5m\u1ecbmla av sanmoksu\u00f6sa\u1ecbru\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"conlang\"","block_context":{"text":"conlang","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/conlang\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":34,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2017\/11\/30\/linguistic-beauty-can-be-hard-to-podcast\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":1},"title":"Linguistic Beauty Can Be Hard to Podcast","author":"kaye","date":"30 November 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"To conclude, we believe views about the beauty and ugliness of languages and dialects are built on cultural norms, pressures and social connotations. [\u2026] Most listeners know of linguistic varieties that they do not like, but we should appreciate that these feelings are highly subjective and have no basis in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"conlangs\"","block_context":{"text":"conlangs","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/conlangs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":365,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2019\/08\/15\/conlang-writing-systems-narahji\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":2},"title":"Conlang Writing Systems: Narahji","author":"kaye","date":"15 August 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"A Quattro pad with detached sheets. I really like the feel of this paper and how it behaves with the fountain pen inks I use. The grid design is perfect for working on my Narahji handwriting. Over the past few months, I've been doodling sentences in Narahji while working on\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"narahji\"","block_context":{"text":"narahji","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/narahji\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/IMG_20190510_202736834.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":77,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2017\/12\/05\/notes-on-epiphany-oratory-in-igzarhjenya-languages-and-iturji\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":3},"title":"Notes on Epiphany: Oratory in \u1ecagzarhjenya Languages (and Iturji)","author":"kaye","date":"5 December 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"When I was reading the 56 Hikol piece about Tehjen, I did not render Narahji in the IPA \u2014 although retrospectively, that would have been easier. I would have needed way fewer takes than I had to do to get this right! That piece is written in pre-reform Narahji, which\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"conlangs\"","block_context":{"text":"conlangs","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/conlangs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":633,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2022\/05\/20\/conlanging-through-heraclitus\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":4},"title":"Conlanging Through Heraclitus","author":"kaye","date":"20 May 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Sometimes translating things is a great way to get a feel for conlangs. I've been thinking more about mine over the past few days as I work through the solution I've finally found to finishing a novella about forest shrines and restless dead. That novella has been unfinished for a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"classical atarahi\"","block_context":{"text":"classical atarahi","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/classical-atarahi\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":162,"url":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/2018\/06\/17\/when-a-librarian-writes-conlangs\/","url_meta":{"origin":27,"position":5},"title":"When a Librarian Writes Conlangs","author":"kaye","date":"17 June 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"I saw a question on Twitter that was posted on Metafilter about words for librarian in \"geek languages,\" which was retweeted with a #conlang hashtag. Right now, I'm not sure if the original poster intended this to be mentioned in the conlang communities. I mean, there are popular geek conlangs,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"classical atarahi\"","block_context":{"text":"classical atarahi","link":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/tag\/classical-atarahi\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27\/revisions\/44"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayeboesme.com\/pangrammatike\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}